S\u00fctun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ay\u0131 ve kurt postu ku\u015fanm\u0131\u015f Germania\u2019l\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Antik \u00c7a\u011f birliklerinde hizmet etti\u011fine dair bulgumuz yoktur, ama 872\u2019de Nove\u00e7li \u015fair Thorbjorn Hornklofi, Hafrsfjord Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kurt (ulfhednar<\/em>) ve ay\u0131 postlu (berserkir<\/em>) sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Norve\u00e7 kral\u0131 Harald\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Traianus’un hemen ard\u0131nda onu takip eden yal\u0131nayak \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc gen\u00e7 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar berserkir<\/em> olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Antik kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z bu tespiti destekler niteliktedir: \u201cDahas\u0131 kendilerini, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kta b\u0131rakan postlardan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey giymemeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r\u2026 deriden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcrkleri v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131plak b\u0131rakacak \u015fekilde giyerler\u201d (Caes. BGall<\/em>. 4.1.10, 6.21.5); \u201c\u00c7\u0131plak olarak ya da en fazla hafif bir askeri giysiyle d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler\u2026Germania piyadeleri\u2026 kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131 omuzlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde tehditk\u00e2r bi\u00e7imde sallarken, v\u00fccutlar\u0131 yerel \u00e2detlere g\u00f6re korumazlard\u0131\u201d (Tac. Germ<\/em>. 6; Hist<\/em>. 2.22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren, o zaman kadar ordu gelene\u011finde yer bulmam\u0131\u015f ay\u0131 postlar\u0131 birdenbire Roma sancaktarlar\u0131, kartal ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve ordu m\u00fczisyenlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n bu \u00e2deti Germania\u2019l\u0131lardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesizdir. Nitekim en erken ay\u0131 postlu sancaktar betimi Bonn\u2019daki Claudius d\u00f6nemi mezarta\u015f\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa cohors V Asturum\u2019da g\u00f6revli Pintaius adl\u0131 bir askerdir. Bunlar daha \u00f6nce D\u00f6rt \u0130mparator Y\u0131l\u0131\u2019nda Vitellius\u2019un ordusunda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdi (Tac. Hist<\/em>. 2.88). Iulianus\u2019un 361\u2019de Franklar ve Alamanni\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sefere de muhtemelen kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte sava\u015fa yal\u0131nayak veya korumas\u0131z \u015fekilde nerdeyse \u00e7\u0131plak girmek sadece barbarlar aras\u0131nda de\u011fil, Yunan-Roma\u2019da da cesaretin ve g\u00f6z\u00fc karal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Aitolia\u2019l\u0131lar yal\u0131nayak \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu ve gen\u00e7 Sparta\u2019l\u0131lar Krypteia\u2019da sadece han\u00e7erle ku\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olarak \u00e7\u0131plak \u015fekilde heilotes<\/em> av\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131 (Thuc. 3.97; Macrob. Sat<\/em>.5.18.13; Pl. Leg<\/em>. 633b-c). Eski \u0130talyal\u0131 aristokrat sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar da bir ayaklar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131plak sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 (Verg. Aen<\/em>. 7.689).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\" — Cohors V Asturum\u2019da g\u00f6revli Pintaius adl\u0131 bir askerin \u00fczerinde ay\u0131 postu <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Sopal\u0131 fig\u00fcrler ise s\u00fctunda ayr\u0131ca Moesia operasyonunu anlatan sahneler XXXVI-XXXXVIII d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Tapae \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 aktaran XXIV ve bir kale ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc LXX. sahnelerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Sopa ilkel bir silah gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ama Herakles\u2019te oldu\u011fu gibi burada da aslen kullanan\u0131n saf g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc simgeleyen sembolik bir anlam\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Nitekim \u00e7ok say\u0131da Germania\u2019l\u0131n\u0131n Hercules k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc benimsedi\u011fi, b\u00f6lgede s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlanan sopa formunda t\u0131ls\u0131mlardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tacitus daha kuzeydo\u011fuda Suebi ve Aestii\u2019nin demir silahlar yerine sopalar\u0131 tercih ettiklerini s\u00f6yler (Tac. Germ<\/em>. 45.2). Her ne kadar ilk bak\u0131\u015fta sopal\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda hi\u00e7bir fark yaratamayacakm\u0131\u015f gibi gelse de antik kaynaklar baz\u0131 ciddi katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahseder. Bunlar 3 ve 4. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Romal\u0131 z\u0131rhl\u0131 s\u00fcvarilerle (cataphractii<\/em> ve clibanarii<\/em>) ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilecek kadar etkiliydiler. Yak\u0131n temasta sopan\u0131n avantaj\u0131, muhtemelen atlar\u0131n savunmas\u0131z bacak, kar\u0131n ve k\u0131smen yanlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larda etkili olmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak bu bask\u0131n birliklerinin as\u0131l g\u00f6revi, d\u00fc\u015fmanla do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktan ziyade, onlar\u0131n moralini bozmakt\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z da sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda sergiledikleri korkutucu \u201cg\u00f6sterileri\u201d \u00f6zellikle belirtirler. Sopal\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar s\u00fcvariyi bir dereceye kadar uzakla\u015ft\u0131rabilirdi, ancak as\u0131l karga\u015fa ve zay\u0131fl\u0131k belirtisi g\u00f6steren piyadeleri iyice bunaltmak gibi \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flevleri vard\u0131. Aurelianus\u2019un ordusundaki sopal\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar Zenobia\u2019n\u0131n z\u0131rhl\u0131 s\u00fcvarilerine korku salm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Zos. 1.53.2. Zosimos \u201cFilistinliler\u201d dese de bunlar muhtemelen Aurelianus\u2019un bat\u0131dan getirip onlara d\u00e2hil etti\u011fi Germania\u2019l\u0131lar olmal\u0131d\u0131r). Constantinus\u2019un sopal\u0131 se\u00e7kin birlikleri 312\u2019de Augusta Taurinorum\u2019da (Torino) Maxentius\u2019un clibanarii<\/em> birliklerini aralar\u0131na al\u0131p ba\u015flar\u0131na ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ivili sopalarla vurduktan sonra sersemleyenlerin i\u015flerini bitirmi\u015flerdi (Pan. Lat. 4.23.4). Marcianopolis (Dobruca, Bulgaristan) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 376\u2019daki Ad Salices Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Got ordusuna ba\u011fl\u0131 sopal\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar Romal\u0131 askerlerine devasa sopalarla sald\u0131r\u0131p sol kanad\u0131 etkisiz h\u00e2le getirmi\u015flerdi (Amm. Marc. 31.7.12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
*<\/p>\n\n\n\n*
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beck, H., Germanen, Germania Germanische Altertumskunde, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
James, S. – Krmnicek, S., *Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany<\/em>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n*
Speidel, M.B., *Ancient Germanic Warriors<\/em> ,Routledge, Londra, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n*
Wolfram, H., *Die Germanen<\/em>, C.H. Beck, M\u00fcnih, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n*
Wolters, R., *Die R\u00f6mer in Germanen<\/em>, C.H. Beck, M\u00fcnih, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n*
*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"*
Dacia seferinin ilk safhas\u0131nda, Traianus 101 yaz\u0131nda Tuna\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7tikten sonra, ordunun Dacia ba\u015fkenti Sarmizegethusa\u2019ya ilerleyi\u015fi Dacia\u2019l\u0131larla m\u00fcttefikleri Sarmatlar\u0131n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Moesia\u2019ya do\u011fru c\u00fcretk\u00e2r bir hamle yapmas\u0131yla durma noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015fti. Durumu \u00f6\u011frenen Traianus b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Germania\u2019l\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131 birliklerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil bir kuvvetle nehirden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yelken a\u00e7arak d\u00fc\u015fmanla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve Adamklissi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda belirleyici bir zafer kazand\u0131. Bu operasyonun bir … <\/p>\n
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