{"id":1323,"date":"2023-12-14T19:48:14","date_gmt":"2023-12-14T16:48:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=1323"},"modified":"2023-12-14T20:17:45","modified_gmt":"2023-12-14T17:17:45","slug":"molossia-mastifi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=1323","title":{"rendered":"Molossia Mastifi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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Herhalde Yunan ve Roma literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde en \u00e7ok s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen k\u00f6pek t\u00fcr\u00fc soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f Molossia mastifidir. Yaz\u0131lanlardan ve betimlerden k\u00f6pe\u011fin daha \u00e7ok \u0130talyan Cane Corso\u2019suna yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz (Fig. 1). Molossia mastifleri geni\u015f ve yuvarlak ba\u015flara, kal\u0131n bir boyuna, aral\u0131k g\u00f6zlere, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kulaklara, k\u0131sa burunlara, uzun sark\u0131k dudaklara, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7eneye sahipti. Kuyruklar\u0131 k\u0131sa ve ince, bacaklar\u0131 k\u0131sa ve kal\u0131n, bedeni a\u011f\u0131r ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc.  Nemesianus mastiflerin se\u00e7imi ve \u00e7iftle\u015ftirilmesinde dik duran, ho\u015f bir kavsi olan geni\u015f g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc, omurgas\u0131 d\u00fcz ve karn\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131, beli sa\u011flam, kal\u00e7as\u0131 geni\u015f di\u015filerin tercih edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler (103-11). \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zellikleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc miza\u00e7lar\u0131, kuvvetleri ve zindelikleriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 1 <\/strong>\u0130talyan Cane Corso mastifi<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

K\u00f6pek ad\u0131n\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Epeiros b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Molossi kavminden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Stat. Silv. <\/em>2.6.17-20) ve pop\u00fclerli\u011fi bir M\u00d6 erken 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l Epeiros drahmisinde (Fig. 2) onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131labilir (Calder 2011: 69). Molossia zengin otlaklar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011flayan sular\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc ve do\u011fal olarak s\u00fcr\u00fc yeti\u015ftirmeye uygundu. Molossia mastifleri de \u00f6zellikleri itibariyle \u00e7obanlara yard\u0131m ediyordu. Ancak bunlar\u0131 \u201c\u00e7oban k\u00f6pe\u011fi\u201d olarak adland\u0131rmak hatal\u0131 olur, zira antik Yunanistan\u2019da \u00e7obanlar s\u00fcr\u00fclerini g\u00fctmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, onlar\u0131 h\u0131rs\u0131zlardan ve vah\u015fi hayvanlardan korumak i\u00e7in mastiflere ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyorlard\u0131 (Anderson 1985: 93). Nitekim a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi antik kaynaklar genellikle mastiflerin bu \u00f6zelliklerine vurgu yapar. Mastifler ayn\u0131 zamanda sava\u015flarda da \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig. 2<\/strong> M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131an ait bir Eperios sikkesinde Molossia mastifi, Berlin M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n
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Fig. 3<\/strong> Molossia mastifi heykeli, MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l, British Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Molossia mastifinin k\u00f6kenleri i\u00e7in eski Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019ya bakmam\u0131z gerekir. M\u00d6 5-4. biny\u0131llarda k\u00f6pekler g\u00f6rerek av ve s\u00fcr\u00fclerin korunmas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015fti: h\u0131z i\u00e7in ince bir v\u00fccuda sahip graioid (avlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rerek bulan taz\u0131lar) ve kas g\u00fcc\u00fc kazanmak i\u00e7in enlemesine geli\u015fmi\u015f molossoid t\u00fcrleri. Arkeolojik olarak en erken muhtemel mastif betimleri S\u00fcmer’den gelir ve M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131la aittir (Fig. 4). T\u00fcr buradan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a girmi\u015ftir: Hanedanlar \u00f6ncesi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan bir kabartmada ve bir dizi fildi\u015fi fig\u00fcrinde, 6. Hanedan\u2019dan bir adak sahnesinde, 18. Hanedan\u2019da Neferhotep\u2019in mezar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131karlar (Fig 5). Ayr\u0131ca el-Deir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mastif mezarlar\u0131na rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ikram 2015: 175). Mezopotamya\u2019da Sippar’dan M\u00d6 2000-1600’e ait pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak bir levha \u00fczerinde halat tasmayla gezdirilen bir mastif tasvir edilmi\u015ftir (Fig 6). Halat\u0131n k\u00f6pe\u011fin boynuna iki kez sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 mastiflerin kuvvetleri ve vah\u015filikleri hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verebilir (Lewis \u2013 Llewellyn Jones 2018: 183).<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 4<\/strong> S\u00fcmer \u015fehri E\u015fhunna’dan mastif betimi, M\u00d6 2000<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Fig. 5<\/strong> Krali tah\u0131l ambarlar\u0131n\u0131n nezaret\u00e7isi Neferhotep’in mezar\u0131ndan duvar resmi, 18. Hanedan \u00a9\ufe0f Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cailliaud<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n
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Fig 6<\/strong> Sippar’dan Molossia mastifi betimi, M\u00d6 2000-1600, British Museum <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Samos’tan muhtemelen M\u00d6 8-7. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait Babil k\u00f6kenli bir fig\u00fcrin grubunda bir tanr\u0131 m\u00fcridi yan\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6melmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mastifle betimlenir (Fig 7). Asur kral\u0131 A\u015furbanipal\u2019in Nimrud\u2019daki Kuzey Saray\u0131\u2019ndaki kabartmalarda hizmetk\u00e2rlar\u0131n avlar\u0131 bir grup mastifle birlikte avlanan krala do\u011fru s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini izleriz (Fig 8). Yine sarayda kasten g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc h\u00e2lde bulunmu\u015f tun\u00e7tan alt\u0131 mastif fig\u00fcrininin (Fig. 9) g\u00f6revi saray\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere kar\u015f\u0131 korumakt\u0131 (Lewis \u2013 Llewellyn Jones 2018: 184). Ninova saray\u0131nda ise baz\u0131 avc\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck mastifleri tasmalar\u0131ndan tutarken g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (Fig. 10). Akhaimenid d\u00f6neminde, Persepolis\u2019teki Apadana\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu kulesinde do\u011fal boyutta mastif heykelleri ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (Fig. 11). Herodotos d\u00f6rt Babil k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn Pers kral\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cHint\u201d k\u00f6pekleri yeti\u015ftirdi\u011finden bahsederken (1.192) kastetti\u011fi, muhtemelen Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ikonografisinden bildi\u011fimiz mastiflerdi. Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fckte k\u00f6peklerin \u00f6zel bir yeri bulunuyordu; sadakatleri ve cesaretlerinden dolay\u0131 takdir edilmekteydiler. \u0130badet edenle tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve ya\u015fayanlarla \u00f6l\u00fcler aras\u0131nda bir arac\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmekteydi (Anderson 1985: 49; Collins 2002: 208-9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig. 7<\/strong> Samos adas\u0131ndan Babil k\u00f6kenli tun\u00e7 fig\u00fcrin, M\u00d6 8-7 y\u00fczy\u0131l, http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/47m3ur6d<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n
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Fig. 8<\/strong> A\u015furbanipal’in saray\u0131ndan krala ait Molossia mastifleri avda <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n
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Fig. 9<\/strong> Ninova’dan mastif fig\u00fcrinleri. Her birine “k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc defeden”, d\u00fc\u015fman yakalayan”, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u0131s\u0131r”, “d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u0131s\u0131ran”, “g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc havlayan” anlam\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131tlar e\u015flik eder, M\u00d6 645, British Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Fig. 10<\/strong> A\u015furbanipal’in (M\u00d6 668-626) Ninova’daki aslan av\u0131 sahnesinde Molossia mastifleri, British Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Fig. 11 <\/strong>Persepolis Apadana’s\u0131ndan mastif heykeli, \u00a9\ufe0f David Lewis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Molossia mastifinin Yunan-Roma\u2019daki pop\u00fclaritesi, kendisine mitolojik bir k\u00f6ken atfedilmesinden anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Iulius Pollux Hephaistos\u2019un ilk mastifi Demonesos tuncundan yap\u0131p babas\u0131 Zeus\u2019a hediye etti\u011fini aktar\u0131r (Onom.<\/em> 5.39). Samos tiran\u0131 Polykrates’in adaya bir\u00e7ok hayvanla birlikte Molossia mastiflerini de getirerek \u00fclkeyi daha cazip yapmak istemesi (Athen. Deipn<\/em>. 12.540d) k\u00f6pe\u011fe duyulan ilginin bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki at\u0131flar genellikle k\u00f6pe\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fc, sadakati ve bek\u00e7ilik yetenekleriyle ilgilidir. Aristoteles i\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc kontrol etmeye gelince mastiflerin vah\u015fi hayvanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda c\u00fcsse ve cesaretleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (Hist. an.<\/em> 8.608a). Augustus d\u00f6nemi \u015fairlerinden Grattius ise ciddiyet ve cesaret gerektiren i\u015fler i\u00e7in Molossia mastifini \u00f6ver (180-3). Horatius kaybolan hayvanlar\u0131 bulma yeteneklerine; Lucanus, Lucretius\u2019la birlike korkutucu seslerine \u2013 Horatius ayr\u0131ca h\u0131z\u0131na \u2013 g\u00f6nderme yapar (Hor. Od. <\/em>6.5-9, Sat.<\/em> 2; Lucan. 4.435-44; Lucr. 5.1063). Athenaios ise yemek se\u00e7meyen bir t\u00fcr olmalar\u0131n\u0131 takdir eder (Deipn<\/em>. 7.308d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanlar Molossia mastiflerilerinden tap\u0131naklar, saraylar ve \u015fehirlerini korumak \u00fczere yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Antik kaynaklar Sicilya\u2019daki Adranos kutsal alan\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bin(!) kadar mastiften bahseder (Ael. NA<\/em> 11.20). Plutarkhos Asklepios tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bek\u00e7isi Kaparo ad\u0131ndaki bir mastif hakk\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc anlat\u0131r: Karanl\u0131k bir gecede bir h\u0131rs\u0131z kutsal alandan de\u011ferli adaklar\u0131 toplay\u0131p alelacele ka\u00e7arken k\u00f6pek havlayarak pe\u015fine tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. H\u0131rs\u0131z k\u00f6pe\u011fi yiyeceklerle kand\u0131rmak istese de ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f ve sonunda Atinal\u0131lar adam\u0131 yakalay\u0131p itiraf\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flar. O g\u00fcnden sonra k\u00f6pek Atina taraf\u0131ndan beslenmi\u015f ve bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (De soll.an.<\/em> 969 E, F). Bir ba\u015fka hik\u00e2yeye g\u00f6re Korinthos\u2019u korumakla g\u00f6revli elli k\u00f6pekten biri olan Soter (Kurtar\u0131c\u0131) ad\u0131nda bir mastif M\u00d6 581\u2019de Aphrodite festivali s\u0131ras\u0131nda Nauplia\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehrin sakinlerine haber vermi\u015f, bundan solay\u0131 \u00fczerinde ad\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir tasmayla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015ftir. Aristophanes\u2019in Thesmophoriazusai<\/em> komedyas\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ev i\u00e7inde maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan bahsedilirken, erkeklerin e\u015flerini tutabilmek i\u00e7in Molossia mastiflerini bek\u00e7i diktikleri s\u00f6ylenir (410-5). S\u00fcr\u00fc bek\u00e7ili\u011fi ve avc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan mastifler evde beslemek i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildi. Yunan evlerinde mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n merkezi bir avlu etraf\u0131nda d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k bir plana uyuldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, sald\u0131rgan bir av k\u00f6pe\u011fi sadece yabanc\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fil akraba ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n da giri\u015fini engelleyecekti. Aristophanes\u2019in abart\u0131l\u0131 ifadesi, aslen Euripides\u2019in tragedyalar\u0131nda kad\u0131n karakterlerin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir (Sells: 2019: 189-93). Bek\u00e7i k\u00f6pe\u011fi olarak \u00fcnlerinden dolay\u0131 mastifleri genelde bunlar\u0131 zengin ailelere ait mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n giri\u015finde n\u00f6bet tutarken g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz (Fig 18), ama bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u00f6pe\u011fin Yunan mezar stellerindeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Betimlerin \u00e7o\u011fu Peiraeios mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gelir ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re Attika\u2019l\u0131 sanat\u00e7\u0131lar az say\u0131daki stelde hayvan\u0131 sadece dekoratif unsur olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Fiore \u2013 Lugli 2023: 336).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Columella da Molossia mastifi i\u00e7in canis villaticus<\/em> s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak k\u00f6pe\u011fin bek\u00e7ilik \u00f6zelli\u011fine at\u0131fta bulunur ve en iyi t\u00fcy renginin karanl\u0131kta h\u0131rs\u0131zlar\u0131n kendisini fark etmemesini sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in siyah oldu\u011funu belirtir (Rust.<\/em> 7.12.2-4). Vergilius h\u0131rs\u0131zlara, hatta kurtlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 mastif besleyen \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin endi\u015felenmesine gerek kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler (G. <\/em>3. 405-10). Bu hayvanlar Roma\u2019da evlerin ostium<\/em>lar\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131yor, g\u00fcnd\u00fczlerini uyuyarak ge\u00e7irip geceleri davetsiz misafirlere kar\u015f\u0131 uyan\u0131k oluyorlard\u0131. Pompeii\u2019deki Tragedya Yazar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Evi\u2019nden me\u015fhur bir mozaikte betimlenmi\u015f zincirli siyah bir Molossia mastifi ve alt\u0131nda cave canem<\/em> ibaresi (Fig. 12), bu k\u00f6peklerin g\u00f6revleri ve vah\u015fi do\u011falar\u0131 i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig. 12<\/strong> Pompeii’deki Tragedya Yazar\u0131’n\u0131n Evin’nden bek\u00e7i mastif mozai\u011fi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Av k\u00f6pe\u011fi olarak Molossia mastifi Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan pugnaces<\/em>, yani av\u0131na sald\u0131ran t\u00fcr kategorisine sokulmu\u015ftu. Oppianus avc\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili eserinde buna elveri\u015fli k\u00f6pekler aras\u0131nda Molossia mastifini de sayar (Cyn<\/em>. 1.368-75).  \u0130z s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00f6pekler (seguges<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015f ve taz\u0131lar (celeres<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek etraf\u0131 sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f av, onlar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Molossia mastiflerinin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcsait h\u00e2le geliyordu. Kartaca\u2019dan MS 225 civar\u0131na ait bir mozaikte bir mastif bir yabandomuzu a\u011fa do\u011fru s\u00fcrerken g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Fig. 13). Molossia mastiflerinin av k\u00f6pekleri olrak yetenekleri ve vah\u015filikleri onlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda arena i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir g\u00f6steri unsuru yap\u0131yordu (Fig 14). Martialis arenada geyik kovalayan mastiflere de\u011finir (de Spect.<\/em> 30). <\/p>\n\n\n

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Fig. 13<\/strong> Kartaca’dan bir mozikte av\u0131n\u0131 a\u011fa do\u011fru s\u00fcren bir mastif, Kartaca Bardo Ulusal M\u00fczesi<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n
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Fig. 14<\/strong> Colosseum’dan bir venatio sahnesi grafitisinde k\u00f6pekler<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Molossia mastifleri sava\u015fta da aktif olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u015eair Grattius\u2019a g\u00f6re Pherai, Athamantia ve Akharnania gibi yerlerde mastifler sessiz \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak onlar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131p panikletiyorlard\u0131 (180-3). Mastiflerin avlan\u0131rken gerekti\u011finde sessiz olabildiklerine Gen\u00e7 Seneca ve Statius da de\u011finir (Sen. Phaed.<\/em> 31-4; Stat. Theb. <\/em>745-8). B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in Paritas adl\u0131 mastifi (mastife yak\u0131n ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu da iddia edilir) kral\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dek yan\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kral \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra ad\u0131na bir \u015fehir kurmu\u015ftu (Plut. Alex.<\/em> 56). II. Ptolemaios\u2019un (M\u00d6 285-246) ordusundaki Molossia mastiflerinin de d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu 2400 k\u00f6pe\u011fin \u0130skenderiye\u2019de ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Athen. Deipn<\/em>. 5.201b). Romal\u0131lar da k\u00f6pe\u011fi ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M\u00d6 231\u2019de Marcus Pomponius Matho ma\u011fralarda saklanan Sardunyal\u0131 isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u201c\u0130talya\u2019dan getirdikleri k\u00f6pekleri\u201d (b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle mastifler) kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Zonar. 8.19). \u0130mparatorluk ordusunda Molossia mastifleri genellikle cohors<\/em>lar, muhaf\u0131zlar (praetoria cohors<\/em>) ve yedek birlikler taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirilmekteydiler. Demir \u00e7ivili tasmalar\u0131 ve s\u0131rtlar\u0131na tutturulan b\u0131\u00e7aklarla d\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131p etkisiz h\u00e2le getirmeleri i\u00e7in e\u011fitilmi\u015flerdi (Ael. NA.<\/em> 7.38).  Nitekim Gaius Antestius Labeo\u2019nun M\u00d6 146 tarihli sikkelerinde (Fig 15) bir y\u00fczde mi\u011fferli bir ba\u015f, di\u011fer y\u00fczde ise Castor ve Pollux\u2019un s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc arabay\u0131 \u00e7eken atlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00e7ivili tasmas\u0131yla bir mastif g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Fiore \u2013 Lugli 2023: 361). Molossia mastifi Beneventum Tak\u0131’nda, Traianus’un kuzey birliklerini ziyaretini betimleyen panelde yard\u0131mc\u0131 birliklerden bir miles<\/em>in yan\u0131nda yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Fig 16) . \u015e\u00fcphesiz k\u00f6pek s\u0131n\u0131rda bek\u00e7ilik yapmak \u00fczere e\u011fitilmi\u015fti. Arkeolojik kontekstlerde ele ge\u00e7mi\u015f kabaral\u0131 ya da dikenli geni\u015f tasmalar (Fig. 16) muhtemelen g\u00fcndelik hayatta mastifleri s\u00fcr\u00fclere sald\u0131ran hayvanlardan korumak amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu (Pirelli \u2013 Ikram 2023: 295, 302).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fig. 15<\/strong> Gaius Antestius Labeo denariusu, M\u00d6 146<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n
\n
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Fig. 16<\/strong> Berenike’den tasma \u00f6rnekleri. Tip 2A ve B mastif ve benzer k\u00f6pekleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kabaral\u0131 ve dikenli tasmalard\u0131r \u00a9\ufe0f P. Osypi\u0144ski & K. Krajewski.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Fig. 17<\/strong> Beneventum Tak\u0131’nda kuzey birliklerini ziyaret eden Traianus. Sol altta Molossia mastifi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir, MS 114<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Molossia mastifi pop\u00fclaritesinden dolay\u0131 siyasi sembol olarak da tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Atina\u2019daki Kerameikos mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan Lyimakhos o\u011flu Lysimakhides\u2019in mezar\u0131nda Molossia mastifi dekoratif bir fig\u00fcr olmaktan \u00f6te bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131yor gibidir. Mezar yaz\u0131t\u0131ndan anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar\u0131yla Akharnai demos<\/em>undanLysimakhides M\u00d6 339\/338 aras\u0131nda Atina arkhon<\/em>u olarka g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Fiore \u2013 Lugli 2023: 337). Platon\u2019un idarecilerle k\u00f6pekler aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma sahneyi daha iyi anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Atinal\u0131 idarecileri vatanda\u015flar\u0131yla dostane ili\u015fkiler kuran ve yabanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 onlar\u0131 koruyan bek\u00e7i k\u00f6peklerine benzetir (Rep.<\/em> 2.375e-376a). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Romal\u0131lar da k\u00f6pe\u011fe siyasi anlamlar y\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 M\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l sikkeleri alt\u0131nda ROMA yazan Molossia mastifi betimi ta\u015f\u0131r ve bunlarda k\u00f6pek \u015f\u00fcphesiz Roma\u2019n\u0131n fatih olarak sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr (Fiore \u2013 Lugli 2023: 358).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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Fig. 18 <\/strong>Peirareios mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Molossia mastifi, M\u00d6 4 . y\u00fczy\u0131l, Atina Ulusal M\u00fczesi <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Molossia mastifi soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f bir hayvan oldu\u011fundan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve huylar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimiz yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar ve g\u00f6rsel malzemeye dayan\u0131r. Antik kaynaklarda vah\u015fi, korkutucu bir t\u00fcr olarak tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Oppianus\u2019un yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz pasaj\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af (\u201cy\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131\u201d) s\u0131fat\u0131 asl\u0131nda aslan ve di\u011fer vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir kelimedir (Schmidt \u2013 Pahlitzch 2019: 95). \u00d6te yandan mesela Lucretius k\u00f6pe\u011fin sadece k\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda agresifle\u015fti\u011fini, ama yavrular\u0131yla ilgilenirken sevecen, \u00f6zenli ve sakin oldu\u011funu belirtir (5.1063-72). Molossia mastifini insani \u00f6zellikleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan \u015fair, di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok antik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr gibi insanlarla hayvanlar\u0131 ay\u0131ran as\u0131l engelin dil oldu\u011funu, hayvanlar\u0131n ahlaki ve bili\u015fsel \u00f6zelliklerine dair \u00f6nyarg\u0131 ve kli\u015felerin yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ima eder (Schmidt \u2013 Pahlitzch 2019: 96).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anderson, J.K., Hunting in the Ancient World<\/em>, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barringer, J.M., The Hunt in Ancient Greece<\/em>, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calder, L., Cruelty and Sentimentality: Greek Attitudes to Animals, 600-300 BC<\/em>, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Campbell, G.L., The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collins, B.J. (ed.), A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East<\/em>, Brill, Leiden, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiore, I. \u2013 Lugli, F. (ed.), Dogs Past and Present. An Interdisciplinary Perspective<\/em>, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/a>Ikram et al.<\/em> (ed.), Egyptian Bioarchaeology. Humans, Animals, and the Environment, Sidestone Press, Leiden, 2015.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lewis, S. \u2013 Llewellyn Jones, L., The Culture of Animals in Antiquity. A Sourcebook with Commentaries<\/em>, Routledge, Londra, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pirelli, R. \u2013 Ikram, S. (ed.), Animals in Religion, Economy and Daily Life of Ancient Egypt and Beyond<\/em>, Unior Press, Napoli, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schmidt, T. \u2013 Pahlitzch, J., Impious Dogs, Haughty Foxes and Exquisite Fish<\/em>. Evaluative Perception and Interpretation of Animals in Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean Thought<\/em>, De Gruyter,  Berlin, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sells, D., Parody, Politics and the Populace in Greek Old Comedy<\/em>, Bloomsbury, Londra, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toynbee, J.M.C., Animals in Roman Life and Art<\/em>, Cornell University Press, New York, 1973.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herhalde Yunan ve Roma literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde en \u00e7ok s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen k\u00f6pek t\u00fcr\u00fc soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f Molossia mastifidir. Yaz\u0131lanlardan ve betimlerden k\u00f6pe\u011fin daha \u00e7ok \u0130talyan Cane Corso\u2019suna yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz (Fig. 1). Molossia mastifleri geni\u015f ve yuvarlak ba\u015flara, kal\u0131n bir boyuna, aral\u0131k g\u00f6zlere, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kulaklara, k\u0131sa burunlara, uzun sark\u0131k dudaklara, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7eneye sahipti. Kuyruklar\u0131 k\u0131sa ve ince, … <\/p>\n

Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1402,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[124,123,119,121,20,21,120,12,14],"class_list":["post-1323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-avcilik","tag-hayvan","tag-kopek","tag-mastif","tag-mezopotamya","tag-misir","tag-molossia","tag-roma","tag-yunan","nodate","item-wrap"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/mq3qqjon.png?fit=1100%2C428&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9zFXd-ll","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1323"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1406,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1323\/revisions\/1406"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eskicagblog.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}